“Umdlavuza” “idemoni” elibi kakhulu kwezokwelapha zanamuhla. Abantu baqhubeka nokunaka ukuhlolwa nokuvimbela umdlavuza. “Izimpawu zomdlavuza,” njengethuluzi lokuxilonga elilula, seziyinto ebalulekile. Kodwa-ke, ukuthembela kuphela ezimpawu zomdlavuza eziphakeme kungaholela embonweni oyiphutha ngesimo sangempela.
Ziyini Izimpawu Zesimila?
Kalula nje, izimpawu zesimila zibhekisela kumaprotheni ahlukahlukene, ama-carbohydrate, ama-enzyme, nama-hormone akhiqizwa emzimbeni womuntu. Izimpawu zesimila zingasetshenziswa njengamathuluzi okuhlola umdlavuza kusenesikhathi. Kodwa-ke, inani lezokwelapha lomphumela owodwa ophakeme kancane wophawu lwesimila lilinganiselwe. Emtholampilo, izimo ezahlukahlukene ezifana nokutheleleka, ukuvuvukala, nokukhulelwa kungabangela ukwanda kwezimpawu zesimila. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imikhuba yokuphila engaphilile njengokubhema, ukuphuza utshwala, nokuhlala uphapheme kungaholela ekuphakameni kwezimpawu zesimila. Ngakho-ke, odokotela bavame ukunaka kakhulu ukuthambekela kokushintsha kwezimpawu zesimila ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kunokushintshashintsha okuncane komphumela owodwa wokuhlolwa. Kodwa-ke, uma uphawu oluthile lwesimila, njenge-CEA noma i-AFP (izimpawu ezithile zesimila somdlavuza wamaphaphu nesibindi), luphakeme kakhulu, lufinyelela ezinkulungwaneni eziningana noma amashumi ezinkulungwane, ludinga ukunakwa nokuhlolwa okwengeziwe.
Ukubaluleka Kwezimpawu Zesimila Ekuhlolweni Komdlavuza Kwasekuqaleni
Izimpawu zesimila azisibo ubufakazi obuphelele bokuxilonga umdlavuza, kodwa zisabalulekile ekuhlolweni komdlavuza ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ezinye izimpawu zesimila ziyazwela kakhulu, njenge-AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) yomdlavuza wesibindi. Emtholampilo, ukuphakama okungajwayelekile kwe-AFP, kanye nokuhlolwa kwezithombe kanye nomlando wesifo sesibindi, kungasetshenziswa njengobufakazi bokuxilonga umdlavuza wesibindi. Ngokufanayo, ezinye izimpawu zesimila eziphakeme zingase zibonise ukuba khona kwezimila kumuntu ohlolwayo.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akusho ukuthi konke ukuhlolwa komdlavuza kufanele kufake phakathi ukuhlolwa kwezimpawu zesimila.Ukuhlolwa kwezimpawu zomdlavuza ikakhulukazi kubantu abasengozini enkulu:
- Abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu abanomlando wokubhema kakhulu (ubude bokubhema buphindaphindwe ngogwayi ababhemayo ngosuku abangaphezulu kuka-400).
- Abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu abasebenzisa kabi utshwala noma izifo zesibindi (njenge-hepatitis A, B, C, noma i-cirrhosis).
- Abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu abanesifo se-Helicobacter pylori esiswini noma i-gastritis engapheli.
- Abantu abaneminyaka engu-40 nangaphezulu abanomlando womndeni womdlavuza (izihlobo ezingaphezu kwesisodwa zegazi ezitholakale zinohlobo olufanayo lomdlavuza).
Indima Yezimpawu Zesimila Ekwelashweni Komdlavuza Osizayo
Ukusetshenziswa okufanele kwezinguquko kuma-tumor markers kubaluleke kakhulu kodokotela ukuthi balungise amasu abo okulwa nomdlavuza futhi baphathe inqubo yokwelapha iyonke. Eqinisweni, imiphumela yokuhlolwa kwama-tumor markers iyahlukahluka kusiguli ngasinye. Ezinye iziguli zingase zibe nama-tumor markers ajwayelekile ngokuphelele, kanti ezinye zingase zibe namazinga afinyelela emashumini noma ngisho namakhulu ezinkulungwane. Lokhu kusho ukuthi asinazo izindlela ezijwayelekile zokulinganisa izinguquko zazo. Ngakho-ke, ukuqonda ukuhlukahluka kwe-tumor markers okuhlukile kwesiguli ngasinye kwakha isisekelo sokuhlola ukuqhubeka kwesifo ngama-tumor markers.
Uhlelo lokuhlola oluthembekile kumele lube nezici ezimbili:"Ukucaciswa"futhi"Ukuzwela":
Ukucaciswa:Lokhu kubhekisela ekutheni izinguquko ezimpawini zomdlavuza ziyahambisana yini nesimo sesiguli.
Isibonelo, uma sithola ukuthi i-AFP (i-alpha-fetoprotein, uphawu oluthile lwesimila somdlavuza wesibindi) yesiguli esinomdlavuza wesibindi ingaphezu kwesilinganiso esijwayelekile, uphawu lwaso lwesimila lubonisa "ukucaciswa." Ngokuphambene nalokho, uma i-AFP yesiguli esinomdlavuza wamaphaphu idlula isilinganiso esijwayelekile, noma uma umuntu ophilile ene-AFP ephakeme, ukuphakama kwe-AFP yakhe akubonisi ukucaciswa.
Ukuzwela:Lokhu kubonisa ukuthi izimpawu zesimila sesiguli ziyashintsha yini ngokuqhubeka kwesimila.
Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuqapha okunamandla, uma sibona ukuthi i-CEA (i-carcinoembryonic antigen, uphawu oluthile lwesimila somdlavuza wamaphaphu ongewona amangqamuzana amancane) yesiguli somdlavuza wamaphaphu iyanda noma iyancipha kanye nezinguquko kusayizi wesimila, futhi ilandela umkhuba wokwelashwa, singanquma kusengaphambili ukuzwela kwesimila sabo.
Uma sekutholakale izimpawu zomdlavuza ezithembekile (ezinobunye kanye nokuzwela), iziguli nodokotela bangenza ukuhlolwa okuningiliziwe kwesimo sesiguli ngokusekelwe ezinguqukweni ezithile zezimpawu zomdlavuza. Le ndlela ibaluleke kakhulu kodokotela ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokwelapha ezinembile kanye nokwenza ukwelashwa ngokwezifiso.
Iziguli zingasebenzisa futhi izinguquko ezishintshashintshayo ezimpawini zazo zomdlavuza ukuhlola ukumelana kwemithi ethile nokugwema ukuqhubeka kwesifo ngenxa yokumelana nemithi. Kodwa-ke,Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukusebenzisa izimpawu zesimila ukuhlola isimo sesiguli kuyindlela eyengeziwe yodokotela ekulweni kwabo nomdlavuza futhi akufanele kubhekwe njengento ethatha indawo yezinga legolide lokunakekelwa okulandelayo—ukuhlolwa kwezithombe zezokwelapha (kufaka phakathi ama-CT scan, i-MRI, i-PET-CT, njll.).
Izimpawu Ezivamile Zesimila: Ziyini?
I-AFP (i-Alpha-fetoprotein):
I-Alpha-fetoprotein iyi-glycoprotein evame ukukhiqizwa amaseli okuqala e-embryonic. Amazinga aphezulu angabonisa izifo ezinomdlavuza njengomdlavuza wesibindi.
I-CEA (i-Carcinoembryonic Antigen):
Amazinga aphezulu e-carcinoembryonic antigen angase abonise izifo ezihlukahlukene zomdlavuza, okuhlanganisa umdlavuza we-colorectal, umdlavuza we-pancreatic, umdlavuza wesisu, kanye nomdlavuza webele.
I-CA 199 (i-Carbohydrate Antigen 199):
Amazinga aphezulu e-carbohydrate antigen 199 avame ukubonakala kumdlavuza we-pancreatic kanye nezinye izifo ezifana nomdlavuza we-gallbladder, umdlavuza wesibindi, kanye nomdlavuza wamathumbu amakhulu.
I-CA 125 (I-Cancer Antigen 125):
I-antigen yomdlavuza 125 isetshenziswa ngokuyinhloko njengethuluzi elisizayo lokuxilonga umdlavuza wesibeletho futhi ingatholakala nakumdlavuza webele, umdlavuza we-pancreatic, kanye nomdlavuza wesisu.
I-TA 153 (i-Tumor Antigen 153):
Amazinga aphezulu e-antigen yesimila 153 avame ukubonakala kumdlavuza webele futhi angatholakala nakumdlavuza wesibeletho, umdlavuza we-pancreatic, kanye nomdlavuza wesibindi.
I-CA 50 (i-Cancer Antigen 50):
I-antigen yomdlavuza 50 iyisiphawu somdlavuza esingaqondile esisetshenziswa kakhulu njengethuluzi lokuxilonga elisizayo lomdlavuza we-pancreatic, umdlavuza we-colorectal, umdlavuza wesisu, nezinye izifo.
I-CA 242 (i-Carbohydrate Antigen 242):
Umphumela omuhle we-carbohydrate antigen 242 ngokuvamile uhlotshaniswa nezimila zomgudu wokugaya ukudla.
i-β2-Microglobulin:
I-β2-microglobulin isetshenziswa kakhulu ukuqapha ukusebenza kweshubhu yezinso futhi inganda ezigulini ezinenkinga yokwehluleka kwezinso, ukuvuvukala, noma izimila.
I-Ferritin ye-Serum:
Ukwehla kwamazinga e-serum ferritin kungabonakala ezimweni ezifana ne-anemia, kuyilapho amazinga akhuphukile angabonakala ezifweni ezifana ne-leukemia, isifo sesibindi, kanye nezimila ezibulalayo.
I-NSE (i-Neuron-Specific Enolase):
I-enolase ethize ye-neuron iyiprotheni etholakala kakhulu kuma-neuron namaseli e-neuroendocrine. Iwuphawu oluzwela kakhulu lomdlavuza wamaphaphu wamaseli amancane.
i-hCG (i-Human Chorionic Gonadotropin):
I-Human chorionic gonadotropin iyi-hormone ehlotshaniswa nokukhulelwa. Amazinga aphezulu angabonisa ukukhulelwa, kanye nezifo ezifana nomdlavuza wesibeletho, umdlavuza wesibeletho, kanye nezimila zamasende.
I-TNF (Isici Sokusha Kwe-Tumor Necrosis):
Isici se-tumor necrosis sihilelekile ekubulaleni amaseli esimila, ukulawulwa kwamasosha omzimba, kanye nokusabela kokuvuvukala. Amazinga aphezulu angase ahlotshaniswe nezifo ezithathelwanayo noma ezizimele futhi angabonisa ingozi engaba khona yesimila.
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-01-2023